{"last_commit_sha":"44e0d249eefec607d3015fa26855a3f9ffda6fee","persisted":true,"title":"Biological Processes","content":"[Home](Home) [[_TOC_]] # DINuptake DINuptake is the production of phytoplankton (primary production) [mmol-N m^-3 d^-1] and is depending on the underwater-light conditions (PAR), water temperature, the nutrient concentration (DIN) and the phytoplankton concentration. Mean daily irradiation at the water surface ($`I_{0}`$) [W d^-1] is derived from the file KNMI measurements (stored in “./DataOS/KNMI/”). The underwater-light conditions are calculated from the daily irradiation at the water surface and the extinction coefficient ($`k_{d}`$): ```math I_{z} = I_{0} \cdot e^{-k_{d} \cdot z} ``` The average light ($`I_{avg}`$) is calculated by integration of the function over the whole water column divided over the waterdepth. ```math I_{avg} = \frac{ \int_{z=0}^{z=Depth} \cdot I_{z} \cdot dz}{Depth} ``` It is assumed that about 50% of the light is photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) $`PAR = 0.5 \cdot I_{avg}`$ $`DIN_{upt}`$ is calculated from the maximum specific uptake rate [d^-1] at ambient temperature and the algal concentration. Limitations by light and nutrients are described by Monod formulations. ```math DIN_{upt} = DIN_{upt,max} \cdot T_{fac} \cdot Phyto \cdot \left(\frac{PAR}{PAR+ks_{PAR}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{DIN}{DIN+ks_{DIN}}\right) ``` Where $`DIN_{upt,max}`$ is the maximum DIN uptake rate of algae at 10°C [d^-1], $`ks_{PAR}`$ and $`ks_{DIN}`$ are the half-saturation coefficients for light and DIN, respectively. [top](NPZ model/Biological Processes) # ZooGrazing The phytoplankton is grazed by zooplankton in the water column. The rate is depending on the phytoplankton (Phyto) and zooplankton (Zoo) biomass and is influenced by the water temperature. The grazing rate is calculated from the maximum specific grazing rate ($`ZooGrazing_{max}`$) [d^-1] at ambient temperature using a Holling type-II functional response for the phytoplankton, with $`ks_{ZooGrazing}`$ as the half saturation coefficient for zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton (mmol-N m^-3). ```math ZooGrazing = ZooGrazing_{max} \cdot T_{fac} \cdot Zoo \cdot \left(\frac{Phyto}{Phyto+ks_{ZooGrazing}}\right) ``` [top](NPZ model/Biological Processes) # ZooFaeces A fraction ($`p_{FaecesZoo}`$) of the uptake of phytoplankton grazed by zooplankton is excreted as faeces into the detritus pool. The rest is used for assimilation. ```math ZooFaeces = p_{FaecesZoo} \cdot ZooGrazing ``` [top](NPZ model/Biological Processes) # ZooExcretion Respiration of the zooplankton is described as a first-order response, with $`Resp_{Zoo}`$ as the first order rate constant, and is corrected for water temperature. The nitrogen is excreted in the water column as DIN. ```math ZooExcretion = Resp_{Zoo} \cdot Zoo \cdot T_{fac} ``` [top](NPZ model/Biological Processes) # ZooMortality The mortality of the zooplankton is described as a second-order function on the zooplankton biomass. Mortality is also assumed to be temperature-dependent. $`M_{Zoo}`$ is the mortality rate of the zooplankton (mmol-N^-1m^-3d^-1). ```math ZooMortality = M_{Zoo} \cdot Zoo^{2} \cdot T_{fac} ``` [top](NPZ model/Biological Processes) # MortShellfish The mortality rate ($`Mort_{i}`$, mmol-N m-2 d^-1) of shellfish species $`i`$ (Mus, Oys and Coc) assumed to be density dependent, with $`M_{i}`$ is the specific mortality rate when the biomass of the shellfish species equals the carrying capacity ($`CC_{i}`$). $`DensM_{i}`$ indicates the importance of the density dependent mortality and FF_{i} is the density of shellfish species $`i`$. ```math Mort_{i} = M_{i} + DensM_{i} \cdot \left(\frac {FF_{i}}{CC_{i}}-1\right) \cdot FF_{i} ``` [top](NPZ model/Biological Processes) # Mineralization The mineralisation of detritus ($`Det_{Min}`$), in units of mmol-N m^-3 d^-1is described as a first-order function with a first-order rate constant $`r_{Det}`$ The mineralisation rate increases with water temperature. ```math Det_{Min} = r_{Det} \cdot Det \cdot T_{fac} ``` [top](NPZ model/Biological Processes) # DINupMPB $`DIN_{upt,MPB}`$ is the primary production by microphytobenthos [mmol-N m^-2 d^-1]. It is assumed that production only occurs at the intertidal areas during exposure. $`DIN_{upt,MPB}`$ is depending on the irradiation at the surface ($`I_{0}`$), the water temperature, the nutrient concentration (DIN) and the microphytobenthos concentration. Mean daily irradiation at the water surface [W d^-1] is derived from the file KNMI measurements (stored in “./DataOS/KNMI/”). It is assumed that about 50% of the light is photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). The photosynthetic active radiation at the intertidal flats ($`PAR_{b}`$) [W d^-1] can be expressed as: ```math PAR_{b} = 0.5 \cdot I_{0} ``` When the local biomass of microphytobenthos at the intertidal flats becomes too high, the primary production can be inhibited. The effective microphytobenthos concentration ($`MPB_{eff}`$)[mmol-N m^-2] is calculated by: ```math MPB_{eff} = \left(1 - \frac{MPB}{CC_{MPB} \cdot f_{int}} \right) \cdot MPB ``` where $`CC_{MPB}`$ is the maximum concentration of microphytobenthos at the intertidal area [mol-N m^-2] and $`f_{int}`$ is the fraction of intertidal area within a compartment [-]. $`DIN_{upt,MPB}`$ is calculated from the maximum specific uptake rate ($`MPB_{upt,max}`$) [d^-1] at ambient temperature and the effective microphytobenthos biomass. Limitations by light and nutrients are described by Monod formulations. Primary production of the microphytobenthos only takes place when mudflat is exposed (fraction $`Exp `$ of the time). $`DIN_{upt,MPB}`$ is described by: ```math DIN_{upt,MPB}= MPB_{upt,max} \cdot Exp \cdot MPB_{eff} \cdot (\frac{PAR_{b}}{PAR_{b} + ks_{PAR,MPB}}) \cdot (\frac{DIN}{DIN + ks_{DIN,MPB}}) \cdot T_{fac} ``` Where $`MPB_{upt,max}`$ is the maximum DIN uptake rate [d^-1] of microphytobenthos at 10°C, $`ks_{PAR,MPB}`$ and $`ks_{DIN,MPB}`$ are the half-saturation coefficients for light and DIN, respectively. $`Exp`$ is the average fraction of the time that the mudflats are exposed and $`T_{fac}`$ is the correction for the ambient water temperature. [top](NPZ model/Biological Processes) # MortMPB In the model, the microphytobenthos is not grazed by filterfeeders. The mortality is described as a second-order function on the microphytobenthos biomass. Mortality is also assumed to be temperature-dependent. ```math Mort_{MPB} = M_{MPB} \cdot MPB^{2} \cdot T_{fac} ``` [top](NPZ model/Biological Processes) # BotMin The mineralization of bottom detritus ($`Bot\_Det_{Min}`$) [mmol-N m^-2 d^-1] is described as a first-order function with constant $`r_{Bot\_Det}`$. The mineralization rate increases with water temperature. ```math Bot\_Det_{Min}= r_{Bot\_Det} \cdot Bot\_Det \cdot T_{fac} ``` [top](NPZ model/Biological Processes) # N-loss due to denitrification Part of the detritus in the bottom is mineralized by denitrification. As a result part of the nitrogen is lost as N₂ to the atmosphere ($`N_{loss}`$) [mmol-N m^-2 d^-1]. ```math N_{loss} = p_{Denit}\cdot Bot\_Det_{Min} ``` [top](NPZ model/Biological Processes)","front_matter":{},"format":"markdown","uploads_path":"https://git.wur.nl/api/v4/projects/6346/wikis/attachments","slug":"NPZ-model/Biological-Processes","path":"/wijsm006/demo/-/wikis/NPZ-model/Biological-Processes","wiki_path":"/wijsm006/demo/-/wikis/home","help_path":"/help/user/project/wiki/index.md","markdown_help_path":"/help/user/markdown.md","markdown_preview_path":"/wijsm006/demo/-/wikis/NPZ-model/Biological-Processes/preview_markdown","create_path":"/wijsm006/demo/-/wikis"}