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Commit f7a938f2 authored by Woude, Auke van der's avatar Woude, Auke van der
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Added biosphere, multiple countries and biosphere

parent c0706f73
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da/ffdas/emissionmodel.py
View file @ f7a938f2
......@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import math
import da.tools.rc as rc
from da.tools.general import create_dirs, to_datetime
import netCDF4 as nc
identifier = 'EmissionModel ensemble '
version = '1.0'
......@@ -48,45 +48,49 @@ class EmisModel(object):
self.btime = int(dacycle.dasystem['run.backtime'])
self.obsfile = dacycle.dasystem['obs.input.id']
self.nrspc = int(dacycle.dasystem['obs.spec.nr'])
self.species = dacycle.dasystem['obs.spec.name'].split(',')
self.nrcat = int(dacycle.dasystem['obs.cat.nr'])
self.nparams = int(dacycle.dasystem['nparameters'])
self.nmembers = int(dacycle['da.optimizer.nmembers'])
self.pparam = dacycle.dasystem['emis.pparam']
self.paramfile = dacycle.dasystem['emis.paramfile']
#self.paramfile2 = dacycle.dasystem['emis.paramfile2']
self.paramfile = dacycle.dasystem['emis.paramfiles']
self.countries = [country.strip() for country in dacycle.dasystem['countries'].split(';')]
areafile = dacycle.dasystem['area.file']
self.area = nc.Dataset(areafile)['Area'][:]
def get_emis(self, dacycle, psdo):
"""set up emission information for pseudo-obs (psdo=1) and ensemble runs (psdo=0)"""
def get_emis(self, dacycle, samples, do_pseudo):
"""set up emission information for pseudo-obs (do_pseudo=1) and ensemble runs (do_pseudo=0)"""
if psdo==1:
if do_pseudo==1:
priorparam=os.path.join(self.emisdir,self.pparam)
f = io.ct_read(priorparam, 'read')
self.prm = f.get_variable('true_values')[:self.nparams]
f.close()
self.get_spatial(dacycle, n=999, infile=os.path.join(self.emisdir, self.paramfile))
self.get_temporal(dacycle, n=999, psdo=1)
elif psdo==0:
self.get_temporal(dacycle, n=999, do_pseudo=1)
elif do_pseudo==0:
self.timestartkey = self.dacycle['time.sample.start']
self.timefinishkey = self.dacycle['time.sample.end']
for j in range(self.nmembers):
for member in range(self.nmembers):
#first remove old files, then create new emission files per ensemble member
if self.startdate == self.timestartkey:
file = os.path.join(dacycle.dasystem['datadir'],'temporal_data_%03d.nc'%j)
file = os.path.join(dacycle.dasystem['datadir'],'temporal_data_%03d.nc'%member)
try:
os.remove(file)
except OSError:
pass
prmfile=os.path.join(dacycle['dir.input'],'parameters.%03d.nc'%j)
prmfile=os.path.join(dacycle['dir.input'],'parameters.%03d.nc'%member)
f = io.ct_read(prmfile, 'read')
self.prm = f.get_variable('parametervalues')
f.close()
self.get_spatial(dacycle, n=j, infile=os.path.join(self.emisdir, self.paramfile))
self.get_temporal(dacycle, n=j, psdo=0)
self.get_spatial(dacycle, member, infile=os.path.join(self.emisdir, self.paramfile))
self.get_temporal(dacycle, member, samples, do_pseudo=0)
def get_totals(self, infile=None):
def get_totals(self, inputfile=None):
"""gather all required data and calculate total emissions per sector in kg/yr"""
self.inputfile = inputfile
yremis = np.zeros((len(self.countries), self.nrcat, self.nrspc))
yremis = np.array(self.nrcat*[self.nrspc*[0.]])
self.spatial_var = []
self.spatial_inc = []
self.temporal_var = []
......@@ -94,72 +98,71 @@ class EmisModel(object):
self.ops_sector = []
### Read in parameter values for the emission functions and ratios to calculate total emissions
f = open(infile, 'r')
for i, country in enumerate(self.countries):
# Get the file that is corresponding to the country
infile = inputfile + '_' + country.upper() + '.csv'
f = open(infile, 'r', encoding ='utf-8-sig')
lines = f.readlines()
f.close()
ct = 0
counter = 0
for line in lines:
dum=line.split(",")
if dum[0]=='#':
if line[0] == '#':
continue
else:
id = int(dum[0])
### If id == 0 this (sub)sector is treated only by WRF-STILT; if id takes another value the local sources are treated by OPS
if id != 0:
self.ops_sector.append(ct)
inc = int(dum[2])
### If inc == 999 this parameter is not in the state vector and will not be optimized; otherwise inc refers to the
### position of this parameter in the state vector
if inc!=999:
EC = float(dum[1])*self.prm[inc]
else:
EC = float(dum[1])
inc = int(dum[4])
if inc!=999:
EF = float(dum[3])*self.prm[inc]
else:
EF = float(dum[3])
inc = int(dum[6])
if inc!=999:
AD = float(dum[5])*self.prm[inc]
else:
AD = float(dum[5])
inc = int(dum[8])
if inc!=999:
fr = float(dum[7])*self.prm[inc]
else:
fr = float(dum[7])
### emission = energy consumption per activity x emission factor x activity
(name, model, spatial_distr, parameter_num0, temporal_distr, temporal_distr2, parameter_num1, \
energy_use, parameter_num2, fraction_of_total, parameter_num3 , emission_factor, *_) = line.split(',')
model, energy_use, parameter_num0, parameter_num1, fraction_of_total, parameter_num2, parameter_num3, emission_factor = \
int(model), float(energy_use), int(parameter_num0), int(parameter_num1), float(fraction_of_total), int(parameter_num2), int(parameter_num3), float(emission_factor)
### If id == 0: use stilt. Else: Use Gaussian plume model
if model != 0: self.ops_sector.append(counter)
### If parameter_num1 == 999 this parameter is not in the state vector and will not be optimized;
### otherwise inc refers to the position of this parameter in the state vector
if parameter_num2 != 999: param_value = self.prm[parameter_num2] # optimised
else: param_value = 1 # Not optimised
energy_use = energy_use * param_value
if parameter_num3 != 999: param_value = self.prm[parameter_num3] # optimised
else: param_value = 1 # Not optimised
fraction_of_total = fraction_of_total * param_value
### emission = energy consumption emission factor x fraction
### fr can be used to divide sectoral emissions over several subsectors (e.g. to split road traffic into cars and HDV)
ems = EC*EF*AD*fr
emission = energy_use * fraction_of_total * emission_factor
### Now we calculated emissions of CO2. To get emissions of other trace gases we multiply with an emission ratio
for s in range(self.nrspc):
inc = int(dum[15+s*3])
if inc!=999:
rat = float(dum[13+s*3])*self.prm[inc]
else:
rat = float(dum[13+s*3])
for species in range(self.nrspc):
ratio, uncertainty, in_statevector = line.split(',')[12+3*species:15+3*species]
ratio, in_statevector = float(ratio), int(in_statevector)
if in_statevector != 999:
multiplication_factor = self.prm[in_statevector]
else: multiplication_factor = 1
ratio *= multiplication_factor
### Some emission ratios have lognormal uncertainty distributions (label 'l')
if dum[14+s*3]=='n':
yremis[ct,s] = ems*rat
elif dum[14+s*3]=='l':
yremis[ct,s] = ems*np.exp(rat)
ct = ct + 1
if uncertainty == 'n':
yremis[i, counter,species] = emission * ratio
elif uncertainty == 'l':
yremis[i, counter,species] = emission * np.exp(ratio)
counter += 1
if i == 0:
self.spatial_var.append(spatial_distr)
self.spatial_inc.append(parameter_num0) # Never optimised, but for backwards compabiilty
self.temporal_var.append(temporal_distr2)
self.temporal_inc.append(parameter_num1)
### Here we list the spatial and temporal variables that are part of the state vector for use in the get_spatial and get_temporal functions
self.spatial_var.append(dum[9])
self.spatial_inc.append(int(dum[10]))
self.temporal_var.append(dum[11])
self.temporal_inc.append(int(dum[12]))
### This, we only do once
logging.debug("Successfully calculated total emissions")
yremis = np.swapaxes(yremis, 0, 1) # [cat, country, species]
self.yremis = yremis
return yremis
def get_spatial(self, dacycle, n, infile=None):
"""read in proxy data used for spatial distribution of the gridded emissions, disaggregate yearly totals for the area"""
# Get the yearly emissions
yremis=self.get_totals(infile)
# read in species information
infile = os.path.join(self.emisdir, self.obsfile)
f = open(infile, 'r')
......@@ -168,114 +171,111 @@ class EmisModel(object):
M_mass = []
spname = []
for line in lines:
dum=line.split(",")
if dum[0]=='#':
if line[0] == '#':
continue
else:
dum=line.split(",")
M_mass.append(float(dum[6])*1e-9) #kg/micromole
spname.append(dum[5]) #name of the species
sec_year = 8760.*3600. #seconds in a year
arcor = 1e6 #km2 -> m2
conv = np.array(M_mass)*sec_year*arcor # to convert emissions in kg/km2/yr to micromole/m2/s
# Create a recalculation factor from kg/km2/yr to umol/m2/sec
sec_year = 24*366*3600. #seconds in a year (leapyear)
kgperkmperyr2umolperm2pers = np.array(M_mass)[:, None, None] * sec_year * self.area[None, :, :]
self.kgperkmperyr2umolperm2pers = kgperkmperyr2umolperm2pers
#read in proxy data for spatial disaggregation
infile = os.path.join(self.emisdir, self.proxyfile)
prx = io.ct_read(infile, method='read')
sp_distr = []
for c in range(self.nrcat):
sp_distr.append(prx.get_variable(self.spatial_var[c]))
sp_distr=np.array(sp_distr)
prx.close()
### create output file
proxy = io.ct_read(infile, method='read')
proxy_category_names = proxy['emis_category_names'][:]
proxy_category_names = [b''.join(category_name).strip().decode() for category_name in proxy_category_names]
proxy_country_names = proxy['country_names'][:]
proxy_country_names = [b''.join(country_name).strip().decode() for country_name in proxy_country_names]
self.proxy = proxy
# Create the spatial distributions
spatial_distributions = np.zeros((self.nrcat, len(self.countries), self.area.shape[0], self.area.shape[1]))
# Loop over all categories
for i, category in enumerate(self.spatial_var):
cat_index = proxy_category_names.index(category)
do_optimise = self.spatial_inc[i]
# Check if the variable is optimised
if do_optimise != 999: multiplication_factor = self.prm[do_optimise]
else: multiplication_factor = 1
# Get the emission distribution for the category
category_emission_distr = proxy['proxy_maps'][cat_index,:,:,:] * multiplication_factor
for j, country in enumerate(self.countries):
# Get the emission distribution for the country and the category
country_index = proxy_country_names.index(country)
category_distribution_country = category_emission_distr[country_index, :, :]
# print(category_distribution_country.sum())
spatial_distributions[i, country_index, :, :] = category_distribution_country
self.spatial_distributions = spatial_distributions
# Multiply spatial distributions with the yearly emissions in the country to get spatially distributed emissions
spatial_emissions = spatial_distributions[:, :, None, :, :] * yremis[:, :, :, None, None]
# Sum over the countries to overlay them.
spatial_emissions = spatial_emissions.sum(axis=1) # Indices: category, species, lat, lon
spatial_emissions = np.swapaxes(spatial_emissions, 0,1) # Indices: species, category, lat, lon
# Recalculate spatial emissions to umol/sec/m2
spatial_emissions = spatial_emissions / kgperkmperyr2umolperm2pers[:, None, :, :]
## create output file
prior_file = os.path.join(self.emisdir, 'prior_spatial_%03d.nc'%n)
f = io.CT_CDF(prior_file, method='create')
dimid = f.add_dim('ncat', self.nrcat)
dimid2 = f.add_dim('ops', 3)
dimlon = f.add_dim('lon', sp_distr.shape[1])
dimlat = f.add_dim('lat', sp_distr.shape[2])
dimid2 = f.add_dim('ops',2 )
dimlat = f.add_dim('lon', self.area.shape[0])
dimlon = f.add_dim('lat', self.area.shape[1])
#loop over all tracers
for s in range(self.nrspc):
# determine which fraction of the emissions are local and are treated by OPS
datalistOPS = []
opsfr = [0.317, 0.317, 0.267]
for j in range(len(self.ops_sector)):
OPSemis = yremis[self.ops_sector[j],s] * opsfr[j] * 1E3 / sec_year
datalistOPS.append(OPSemis)
savedict = io.std_savedict.copy()
savedict['name'] = "OPStotals_%s"%spname[s]
savedict['long_name'] = "total OPS emissions"
savedict['units'] = "g/s"
savedict['dims'] = dimid2
savedict['values'] = datalistOPS
f.add_data(savedict)
datalist = []
ct = 0
for c in range(self.nrcat):
inc = self.spatial_inc[c]
if inc!=999:
### note that the spatial distribution has to gridded state vector, such that a scaling factor would affect the total
### emissions in this area
distr = sp_distr[c]*self.prm[inc]
else:
distr = sp_distr[c]
if c in self.ops_sector:
emis_spatial = (yremis[c,s]*(1-opsfr[ct])) / conv[s] * distr
ct = ct + 1
else:
emis_spatial = yremis[c,s] / conv[s] * distr
datalist.append(emis_spatial)
for species in range(self.nrspc):
savedict = io.std_savedict.copy()
savedict['name'] = spname[s]
savedict['name'] = spname[species]
savedict['long_name'] = "Spatially distributed emissions"
savedict['units'] = "micromole/m2/s"
savedict['dims'] = dimid + dimlon + dimlat
savedict['values'] = datalist
savedict['dims'] = dimid + dimlat + dimlon
savedict['values'] = spatial_emissions[species,:,:,:]
f.add_data(savedict)
f.close()
logging.debug("Successfully wrote data to prior spatial distribution file (%s)" % prior_file)
def get_temporal(self, dacycle, n, psdo):
def get_temporal(self, dacycle, member, samples, do_pseudo):
"""read in time profiles used for temporal distribution of the emissions"""
### For pseudo-observation (psdo==1) or when no time profiles need to be optimized the profiles are simply read from the
### input file and copied to another file.
### Otherwise create a new file per ensemble member at t=0 and update the profiles for each time step
if psdo==0 and min(self.temporal_inc)<999:
ensfile = os.path.join(self.emisdir, 'temporal_data_%03d.nc'%n)
if os.path.exists(ensfile) == False:
# First, get the station names from the smaples. For these stations, the time profiles will be written.
codes = samples.getvalues('code')
self.codes = codes
stationnames = []
for code in codes:
two_names = any(x in code for x in ['UW', 'DW'])
stationnames.append('_'.join(code.split('_')[1:2 + two_names]))
stationnames = list(set(stationnames))
# For pseudo-observation (do_pseudo==1) or when no time profiles need to be optimized the profiles are simply read from the
# input file and copied to another file. Otherwise create a new file per ensemble member at t=0 and update the profiles for each time step
if do_pseudo==0 and min(self.temporal_inc)<999:
# Check if the ensemble file exists. Otherwise create.
ensfile = os.path.join(self.emisdir, 'temporal_data_%03d.nc'%member)
if not os.path.exists(ensfile):
dumfile = os.path.join(self.emisdir, self.tempfilep)
shutil.copy2(dumfile,ensfile)
tpr = io.ct_read(ensfile, method='read')
itimes = tpr.get_variable('Times')
times = array([dtm.datetime(int(''.join(d[:4])),int(''.join(d[5:7])),int(''.join(d[8:10])),int(''.join(d[11:13])),int(''.join(d[14:16]))) for d in itimes])
subselect = logical_and(times >= self.timestartkey , times <= self.timefinishkey).nonzero()[0]
datlist = times.take(subselect, axis=0)
### The time profiles should always cover at least one full year
time_profiles_ds = nc.Dataset(ensfile)
times = time_profiles_ds['Times'][:]
times = np.array([dtm.datetime.strptime(time, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') for time in np.array(times)])
self.times = times
subselect = logical_and(times >= self.timestartkey , times < self.timefinishkey).nonzero()[0]
date_selection = times.take(subselect, axis=0)
# The time profiles should always cover at least one full year
start_date = dtm.datetime(self.timestartkey.year,1,1,0,0) #first time included
end_date = dtm.datetime(self.timestartkey.year,12,31,23,0) #last time included
dt = dtm.timedelta(0,3600)
dum = start_date
times=[]
while dum<=end_date:
times.append(dum)
dum=dum+dt
times=np.array(times)
stidx = np.where(times==self.timestartkey)[0][0]
stidx2 = np.where(times==self.startdate)[0][0]
edidx = np.where(times==self.timefinishkey)[0][0]
dumsel = np.where((times<self.startdate)|(times>self.timefinishkey))[0]
starttime_index = np.where(times==self.timestartkey)[0][0]
startdate_index = np.where(times==self.startdate)[0][0]
end_index = np.where(times==self.timefinishkey)[0][0]
""" Time profiles should, for a full year, always have an average value of 1.0. Therefore, a new method has been developed
to optimize time profiles such that we comply with this and the time profiles do not affect the total emissions.
......@@ -283,74 +283,69 @@ class EmisModel(object):
outside this period are scaled equally such that the time profile remains its average value of 1.0. Except previously updated
dates (from previous cycles) are maintained (they are already optimized!)."""
profiles = []
for c in range(self.nrcat):
if self.temporal_inc[c]!=999:
f_orig = tpr.get_variable(self.temporal_var[c])
f_sel = tpr.get_variable(self.temporal_var[c]).take(subselect, axis=0)
f_new = f_sel*self.prm[self.temporal_inc[c]]
dumsum = np.array(f_orig[dumsel]).sum()
for i in range(len(f_new)):
f_orig[:stidx2]=f_orig[:stidx2]-(f_orig[:stidx2]/dumsum)*(f_new.sum()-f_sel.sum())
f_orig[edidx+1:]=f_orig[edidx+1:]-(f_orig[edidx+1:]/dumsum)*(f_new.sum()-f_sel.sum())
f_orig[stidx:edidx+1]=f_new
profiles.append(f_orig)
tpr.close()
f = io.CT_CDF(ensfile, method='write')
ct=0
for c in range(self.nrcat):
if self.temporal_inc[c]!=999:
f.variables[self.temporal_var[c]][:] = profiles[ct]
ct=ct+1
f.close()
### Now read in the correct profiles, select the correct time period and write the profiles into one file per ensemble member
if psdo==1:
unselected_day = np.where((times<self.startdate) | (times>self.timefinishkey))[0]
category_names = list(time_profiles_ds['category_name'][:])
station_names_ds = list(time_profiles_ds['station_names'][:])
profiles = np.zeros(time_profiles_ds['time_profile'][:].shape)
for category in range(self.nrcat):
if self.temporal_inc[category]!=999:
cat_index = category_names.index(self.temporal_var[category])
for station in stationnames:
station_index = station_names_ds.index(station)
original_profile = time_profiles_ds['time_profile'][station_index, cat_index, :]
selected_profile = time_profiles_ds['time_profile'][station_index, cat_index, :].take(subselect)
new_profile = selected_profile[:] * self.prm[self.temporal_inc[category]]
daily_sum = np.array(original_profile[unselected_day]).sum()
original_profile[:startdate_index] = original_profile[:startdate_index] - (original_profile[:startdate_index] / daily_sum) * (new_profile.sum() - selected_profile.sum())
original_profile[end_index:] = original_profile[end_index:] - (original_profile[end_index:] / daily_sum) * (new_profile.sum() - selected_profile.sum())
original_profile[starttime_index:end_index] = new_profile
profiles[station_index, cat_index, :] = original_profile
time_profiles_ds.close()
# Now, write the output
tofile = nc.Dataset(ensfile, 'r+')
for category in range(self.nrcat):
cat_index = category_names.index(self.temporal_var[category])
if not self.temporal_inc[category] == 999:
for station in stationnames:
station_index = station_names_ds.index(station)
tofile['time_profile'][station_index, cat_index, :] = profiles[station_index, cat_index, :]
tofile.close()
# Now read in the correct profiles, select the correct time period and write the profiles into one file per ensemble member
time_profiles_ds = nc.Dataset(ensfile)
if do_pseudo==1:
infile = os.path.join(self.emisdir, self.tempfileo)
elif psdo==0 and min(self.temporal_inc)==999:
infile = os.path.join(self.emisdir, self.tempfilep)
elif psdo==0 and min(self.temporal_inc)<999:
infile = os.path.join(self.emisdir, 'temporal_data_%03d.nc'%n)
tpr = io.ct_read(infile, method='read')
itimes = tpr.get_variable('Times')
itimes = [b''.join(d) for d in itimes]
times = array([dtm.datetime.strptime(d.decode(), '%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S') for d in itimes])
if psdo == 1:
startdum=dtm.datetime(self.startdate.year,self.startdate.month,self.startdate.day-1,1,0)
subselect = logical_and(times >= startdum, times <= self.enddate).nonzero()[0]
else:
elif do_pseudo==0 and min(self.temporal_inc)==999:
dum = self.timestartkey - dtm.timedelta(0,self.btime*3600)
if dum.hour != 0:
startdum = dtm.datetime(dum.year,dum.month,dum.day,1,0)
else:
startdum = dtm.datetime(dum.year,dum.month,dum.day-1,1,0)
subselect = logical_and(times >= startdum , times <= self.timefinishkey).nonzero()[0]
datlist = times.take(subselect, axis=0)
profiles=[]
for c in range(self.nrcat):
f_orig = tpr.get_variable(self.temporal_var[c]).take(subselect, axis=0)
profiles.append(f_orig)
tpr.close()
profiles=np.array(profiles)
prior_file = os.path.join(self.emisdir, 'prior_temporal_%03d.nc'%n)
f = io.CT_CDF(prior_file, method='create')
dimtime = f.add_dim('Times', len(datlist))
else: # select all times
subselect = logical_and(times >= times[0] , times <= times[-1]).nonzero()[0]
date_selection = times.take(subselect, axis=0)
dum=[]
for c in range(self.nrcat):
if self.temporal_var[c] in dum:
continue
else:
for station in stationnames:
station_index = station_names_ds.index(station)
prior_file = os.path.join(self.emisdir, 'prior_temporal_{0}_{1:03}.nc'.format(station, member))
f = io.CT_CDF(prior_file, method='create')
dimtime = f.add_dim('Times', len(date_selection))
cat_names_done = []
for category in range(self.nrcat):
cat_name = self.temporal_var[category]
cat_index = category_names.index(cat_name)
if not cat_name in cat_names_done:
profile = np.array(time_profiles_ds['time_profile'][station_index, cat_index, :].take(subselect))
savedict = io.std_savedict.copy()
savedict['name'] = self.temporal_var[c]
savedict['name'] = cat_name
savedict['long_name'] = "Temporal distribution"
savedict['units'] = ""
savedict['dims'] = dimtime
savedict['values'] = profiles[c,:]
savedict['values'] = profile
f.add_data(savedict)
dum.append(self.temporal_var[c])
cat_names_done.append(cat_name)
f.close()
logging.debug("Successfully wrote data to prior temporal distribution file (%s)" % prior_file)
......
da/ffdas/obs.py
View file @ f7a938f2
......@@ -14,12 +14,14 @@ import sys
import logging
import datetime as dtm
from string import strip
from numpy import array, logical_and
import numpy as np
sys.path.append(os.getcwd())
sys.path.append('../../')
from pylab import *
#from pylab import *
from numpy import *
from scipy import *
from matplotlib.pylab import *
identifier = 'Rotterdam CO2 mole fractions'
version = '0.0'
......@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ import da.tools.io4 as io
import da.tools.rc as rc
################### Begin Class RdamObservations ###################
class RdamObservations(Observations):
class RINGOObservations(Observations):
""" an object that holds data + methods and attributes needed to manipulate mole fraction values """
def setup(self, dacycle):
......@@ -62,28 +64,32 @@ class RdamObservations(Observations):
"""
infile = os.path.join(self.obspack_dir, self.obspack_id)
logging.debug('infile = {}'.format(infile))
f = open(infile, 'r')
lines = f.readlines()
f.close()
ncfilelist = []
for line in lines:
if line.startswith('#'): continue # header
dum = line.split(",")
ncfile = [dum[1]]
if not ncfile[0] in ncfilelist:
ncfilelist.extend(ncfile)
ncfilelist = ['obsfiles/' + line.split(',')[1] for line in lines if not line[0] == '#']
ncfilelist = ncfilelist[:int(dacycle.dasystem['obs.input.nr'])]
# ncfilelist = []
# for line in lines:
# if line.startswith('#'): continue # header
#
# dum = line.split(",")
# ncfile = [dum[1]]
#
# if not ncfile[0] in ncfilelist:
# ncfilelist.extend(ncfile)
for ncfile in ncfilelist:
infile = os.path.join(self.obspack_dir, ncfile + '.nc')
ncf = io.ct_read(infile, 'read')
idates = ncf.get_variable('Times')
idates = [b''.join(d) for d in idates]
dates = array([dtm.datetime.strptime(d.decode(), '%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S') for d in idates])